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- <text id=90TT1390>
- <title>
- May 28, 1990: Signals From Distant Disasters
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- May 28, 1990 Emergency!
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 81
- Signals from Distant Disasters
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>The search intensifies for Einstein's gravity waves
- </p>
- <p> When Albert Einstein unveiled his general theory of
- relativity in 1916, he predicted several phenomena that could
- be used to test its validity. Two of them--that light is bent
- by gravity and that the orbit of Mercury wobbles in a certain
- way--were confirmed within just a few years, convincing
- scientists that relativity was a revolutionary discovery, not
- just a mathematical curiosity. But Einstein thought another of
- his claims would never be proved. His theory predicted that
- fast-moving, massive objects emit gravity waves, small
- distortions moving through the fabric of space and time.
- Einstein said these waves would be virtually undetectable, and
- it was not until a few years ago that physicists began their
- so far futile search for the elusive ripples.
- </p>
- <p> Now scientists are suddenly optimistic about finding this
- missing link in Einstein's theory. A new facility called the
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO),
- planned for completion in 1995, could provide the first direct
- evidence that gravity waves exist. The $192 million project
- recently got a thumbs-up from President George Bush, who asked
- Congress for $47 million in start-up funding as part of his
- proposed 1991 budget. The search for a suitable site has
- already begun.
- </p>
- <p> LIGO will be 100 to 1,000 times as sensitive as existing
- gravity-wave detectors. That should be enough not only to
- confirm relativity but also to probe deeply into the most
- violent processes in the cosmos, including exploding
- supernovas, collisions between black holes, and "starquakes"
- on the semisolid surfaces of neutron stars. All of these
- phenomena are believed to send out characteristic bursts of
- gravity waves. Says Rochus Vogt, the Caltech physics professor
- who heads the joint M.I.T.-Caltech team that will build LIGO:
- "We are going to look at a whole new force as a transmitter of
- signals from the universe. That is bound to bring big
- surprises."
- </p>
- <p> LIGO will measure the minute motions of hanging weights as
- they ride the waves. The observatory will not be a single
- facility but a pair of installations separated by at least
- 1,600 km (1,000 miles) to rule out false signals from, say,
- local earthquakes. Each L-shaped installation will consist of
- two pipes 4 km (2.5 miles) long, set at right angles to each
- other and emptied of air. A laser, placed at the intersection
- of the pipes, will emit a beam that is split into two parts,
- each of which will bounce back and forth between suspended
- weights and finally return to the intersection. There the beams
- will be recombined, and a detector will examine them for slight
- distortions that will reveal whether movements of the weights
- have forced one light beam to travel as little as one
- ten-quadrillionth of a centimeter farther than the other, a
- likely signal that gravity waves have affected them.
- </p>
- <p> While the two LIGO installations by themselves will enable
- scientists to tune in to heavenly disasters, the addition of
- two more facilities would make it possible to determine the
- precise locations of the events. Says Vogt: "There are
- proposals pending to build gravity-wave observatories in Europe
- and Australia, and we're hoping to put together an
- international network." That will take time, and some of the
- most important discoveries lie years in the future. But just
- as Galileo did with his crude telescope in the early 1600s, the
- first generation of gravity-wave astronomers will undoubtedly
- learn things right away that will dramatically enrich science's
- understanding of the universe.
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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